<div dir="ltr">Nice! I didn't know the simple sound re- came from so many roots! Might explain why Rapier seemingly gets pronounced ree pre ayur (for example) it's a classic weapon in movies. supposedly for a time privatteyerrs{spelling- the 15th century marineers tasked with steeling enemy supplies (latter called privateers and pirates.) used them. I haven't a clue why. I have been told it had to do with old habbits and pragmatics.<div><br></div><div>I wonder if the word Tyre that became the day tuesday is the same reason their Tier. Both are associated sounds to move up a latter. I gather in the case of Tyre it was because he had to give up something (an arm) to move foward. Or not get eaten according to wikipedia. I haven't clue if that's also because of simple mispronouncing a name or sound that somehow became the defacto way to say it. Surprisling common. </div><div>eXspRResso I gather is only eSSpreso. as the popular example.No idea why people in california added more Are sounds and a Eks sound as well.</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr">On Mon, Dec 31, 2018 at 8:30 AM Barry MacKichan <<a href="mailto:barry.mackichan@mackichan.com">barry.mackichan@mackichan.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">Much more than you asked for…<br>
<br>
“lax” is “loose’, as in morals and bowels.<br>
<br>
“Re-“ is more complicated. From the Oxford English dictionary:<br>
<br>
“re-, prefix<br>
<br>
of Latin origin, with the general sense of ‘back’ or ‘again’, <br>
occurring in a large number of words directly or indirectly adopted from <br>
Latin, or of later Romanic origin, and on the model of these freely <br>
employed in English as a prefix to verbs, and to substantives or <br>
adjectives derived from these.<br>
In earlier Latin re- was used before consonants, and red- before <br>
vowels or h-, as in redīre, redimĕre, redhibēre (rarely in other <br>
cases, as in red-dĕre). The latter form appears in Eng. only in a few <br>
words which are ultimately of Latin origin, as redeem, redemption, <br>
redintegrate. In later Latin the form with d was no longer in use, and <br>
re- was employed before vowels as well as consonants, as in <br>
reædificāre, reagĕre, reexpectāre, reillūmināre, etc.<br>
In a few words adopted from French the prefix has so coalesced with the <br>
main part of the word that its real nature is obscured. In some cases <br>
this is due to the combination of re- with another prefix, as ad- (Fr. <br>
a-) or in- (Fr. en-). For examples of these types, see ransom, rally, <br>
rampart.<br>
<br>
2.2 The original sense of re- in Latin is that of ‘back’ or <br>
‘backwards’, but in the large number of words formed by its use, the <br>
prefix acquires various shades of meaning, of which the following are <br>
the most clearly marked. a.2.a ‘Back from a point reached’, ‘back <br>
to or towards the starting-point’, as in recēdĕre to draw back, <br>
recurrĕre to run back, redūcĕre to lead back, referre to carry back, <br>
refugĕre to flee back, remittĕre to send back, respicĕre to look <br>
back, retrahĕre to pull back, revocāre to call back. Sometimes the <br>
sense of ‘backwards’ is also implied, as in resilīre to spring back <br>
or backwards. The return of light and sound is expressed in such verbs <br>
as relūcēre and renīdēre to shine or flash back, reboāre to bellow <br>
back, resonāre to echo, resound. In many cases the idea of force is <br>
present, as in reflectĕre to bend back, repellĕre to drive back, <br>
reprimĕre to force back, rescindĕre to cut back; hence arises the <br>
sense of resistance, as in reluctārī to struggle against, repugnāre <br>
to fight against, reclāmāre to cry out against, recūsāre to refuse. <br>
Occasionally the sense passes into that of ‘away’, as in removēre <br>
to move back or away, revellĕre to pull away or off. b.2.b ‘Back to <br>
the original place or position’, as in recondĕre, repōnĕre, <br>
restituĕre, etc. to put back, replace; freq. implying ‘back to one's <br>
hands or possession’, as in recipĕre to take back, redimĕre to buy <br>
back, rependĕre to pay back, resūmĕre to take back. c.2.c <br>
‘Again’, ‘anew’, originally in cases implying restoration to a <br>
previous state or condition, and frequently occurring as a secondary <br>
sense in verbs of the two classes already mentioned; further examples <br>
are recreāre to create again, reficĕre to make again, reformāre to <br>
form again, renovāre to make new again, refrīgēscĕre to grow cold <br>
again, revirēscĕre to grow green again. This naturally passes into <br>
cases where the action itself is done a second time, as recoquĕre to <br>
cook or bake again, refricāre to rub again, regenerāre to produce <br>
again, retractāre to handle again, etc. This class of words is largely <br>
augmented in later Latin, as reædificāre to build again, rebaptizāre <br>
to baptize again, etc. Many of these later compounds have been adopted <br>
in English, and have chiefly supplied the models for the new formations <br>
illustrated in §5. d.2.d In some cases re- has the same force as Eng. <br>
un-, implying an undoing of some previous action, as in recingĕre to <br>
ungird, reclūdĕre to unclose, to open, refīgĕre to unfix, resignāre <br>
to unseal, revēlāre to unveil. More rarely it expresses direct <br>
negation, as in reprobāre to disapprove of. e.2.e ‘Back in a <br>
place’, i.e. ‘from going forward’, with verbs of keeping or <br>
holding, as retinēre to hold back, religāre to tie back or up, <br>
refrēnāre to rein back, reprehendĕre to (seize and) keep back; or <br>
‘without going on or forward’ with verbs of rest, as remanēre, <br>
residēre, restāre to stay or stop behind, requiēscĕre to stay quiet, <br>
etc. Other shades of this sense appear in relinquĕre to leave behind, <br>
reservāre to keep back, store up.<br>
Even in Latin the precise sense of re- is not always clear, and in <br>
many words the development of secondary meanings tends greatly to <br>
obscure its original force. This loss of distinct meaning is naturally <br>
increased in English, when the word has been adopted in a sense more or <br>
less remote from the strict etymological significance of the two <br>
elements which compose it. In many cases the simple word to which the <br>
prefix is attached is wanting in English; in others a change of sound or <br>
shifting of stress frequently assists in disguising its original sense.<br>
In the Romance languages, as in later Latin, extensive use was made of <br>
re- as a prefix in verbs and verbal derivatives, and some of the words <br>
thus formed are among the earliest which were adopted in English, the <br>
immediate source being OF. To these and later adoptions from French <br>
belong many of the commonest words beginning with re-, as rebate, <br>
rebound, rebuke, rebut, recoil, redress, refresh, regain, regard, <br>
regret, remark, etc.<br>
<br>
3.3 Words formed with the prefix re- first make their appearance in <br>
English about the year 1200. In the Ancren Riwle, the first text in <br>
which such forms are prominent, there occur recluse, recoil, record, <br>
relief, religion, religious, and remission. Towards the end of the <br>
century Robert of Gloucester uses rebel, receit, release, relic, relief, <br>
remue, repent, restore, revest. In the 14th c. the stock is largely <br>
increased, especially in the writings of Langland, Chaucer, Wyclif, and <br>
Trevisa, and by the year 1400 the number in common literary use is very <br>
considerable. During the 15th c. the additions are of less importance, <br>
but about the middle of the 16th an extensive adoption of Latin forms or <br>
types begins; the French element at this time is small in comparison, <br>
though it includes some important words. Towards the end of the 16th c. <br>
re- begins to rank as an ordinary English prefix, chiefly employed with <br>
words of Latin origin, but also freely prefixed to native verbs, a <br>
practice rare before this period, though Wyclif, Trevisa, and others <br>
have renew (after L. renovāre). Such formations, however, are common in <br>
Elizabethan writers: Shakespeare has recall, regreet (frequent), relive, <br>
requicken, resend, respeak, restem, retell (thrice), and reword, and <br>
many others occur in contemporary literature, as rebuild, recast, <br>
refind, reflow, regather, etc. Since 1600 the use of the prefix has been <br>
very extensive, though the number of individual formations appears to <br>
have been smaller in the 18th century than in the 17th and 19th.<br>
The rapidly increasing use of re- in the early part of the 17th c. <br>
is strongly marked in the dictionaries of Florio and Cotgrave, both of <br>
whom freely invent forms with this prefix to render Italian or French <br>
words which begin with it. Many of these reappear at a later date, and <br>
most of them might be formed again at any time: the following may be <br>
quoted as specimens of those which have obtained little or no currency <br>
in later writers.“<br>
<br>
--Barry<br>
<br>
<br>
On 30 Dec 2018, at 12:58, Gillian Densmore wrote:<br>
<br>
> While reading a book last night talking about some characters <br>
> relaxing.<br>
> I've always been curious. If Re: is to do again. then what was laxing<br>
> supposed to be?<br>
> Many people on this and the wed-tech list are REtired. So do you get <br>
> Tired<br>
> again then quit being a worker ?<br>
> I seriously get these kind of words.<br>
> Any guesses where they came from?<br>
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</blockquote></div>