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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Hi everybody, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I am often been hard pressed by members of the “home church” to supply examples of how locating motives “in the head” is not only a misdirection but actually a dangerous illusion. I give you <a href="https://shows.acast.com/the-report/episodes/the-impeachment-day-7">https://shows.acast.com/the-report/episodes/the-impeachment-day-7</a> which, at minute 7:40, contains an argument that Trump’s motives cannot be inferred from his behavior because motives are inherently subjective, “in the head” of the motivated person. This, of course, contradicts long standing legal practice, where demonstrating motive from higher-order patterns in behavior (i.e., patterns distributed more broadly in time and space than in the moments surrounding the motivated act) is a necessary element in most criminal cases. It is, for instance, the main element that distinguishes manslaughter from murder. In fact, the whole range of offences resulting in death are distinguished by the degree to which the jury thinks the lethal act was “voluntary”. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>By the way, that link will serve to introduce you to the lawfare “<a href="https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-report/id1472798169">reports</a>” which attempt to provide a neutral precis of the proceedings, day by day. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Nick <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>PS: I just did a dive into the legal dictionary. Interesting. Apparently, the law makes a big distinction between <a href="https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/motivation">motive</a> and <a href="https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/motivation">intent</a>, the former being more like having a reason to commit a crime, the latter being more like setting about to commit the crime. Interesting stuff, this law business No wonder Oliver Wendell Holmes was a pragmatist.!<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>N<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Nicholas Thompson<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Emeritus Professor of Ethology and Psychology<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Clark University<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="mailto:ThompNickSon2@gmail.com">ThompNickSon2@gmail.com</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson/">https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson/</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal> <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p></div></body></html>