<div dir="ltr">Ok, so it sounds like we agree there is a distinction can be made between behavior and "mere movement". So what is that difference? I would argue, following E. B. Holt, that it is the presence of intentionality. Note crucially that the directedness of the behavior described below is descriptive, <i>not </i>explanatory. The intention is not a force behind the behavior, it is a property of the behavior-to-circumstance mapping that can be demonstrated by varying conditions appropriately. <div><br><div><br></div></div><blockquote style="margin:0 0 0 40px;border:none;padding:0px"><div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">For simplicity I will take a hypothetical, but strictly
possible, case. A small water-animal has an eye-spot located on each side of
its anterior end; each spot is connected by a nerve with a vibratory silium or
fin on the <i>opposite</i> side of the
posterior end; the thrust exerted by each fin is toward the rear. If, now,
light strikes one eye, say the right, the left fin is set in motion and the
animal's body is set rotating toward the right like a rowboat with one oar.
This is all that one such reflex arc could do f or the animal. Since, however,
there are now two, when the animal comes to be turned far enough toward the
right so that some of the light strikes the second eye-spot (as will happen
when the animal comes around facing the light), the second fin, on the right
side, is set in motion, and the two together propel the animal forward in a
straight line. The direction of this line will be that in which the animal lies
when its two eyes receive equal amounts of light. In other words, by the
combined operation of two reflexes the animal swims <i>toward the light</i>, while either reflex alone would only have set it
spinning like a top. It now responds specifically in the direction of the
light, whereas before it merely spun when lashed. </p></div></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As thus described, this first dawn of behavior seems to
present nothing so very novel... The animal, it is
true, is still merely ' lashed' into swimming toward the light. Suppose, now,
that it possesses a <i>third</i> reflex
arc—a ' heat-spot' so connected with the same or other fins that when
stimulated by a certain intensity of heat it initiates a nervous impulse which
stops the forward propulsion. The animal is still * lashed,' but nevertheless
no light can force it to swim " blindly to its death " by scalding.
It has the rudiments of ' intelligence.' But so it had before. For as soon as
two reflex arcs capacitate it mechanically to swim <i>toward light</i>, it was no longer exactly like a pinwheel: it could
respond specifically toward at least one thing in its environment. </p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is this objective reference of a process of release that
is significant. The mere reflex does not refer to anything beyond itself: if it
drives an organism in a certain direction, it is only as a rocket ignited at
random shoots off in some direction, depending on how it happened to lie. But
specific response is not merely in some random direction, it is <i>toward an object</i>, and if this object is
moved, the responding organism changes its direction and still moves after it.
And the objective reference is that the organism is <i>moving with reference to some object or fact of the environment</i>. In
the pistol or the skyrocket the process released depends wholly on factors
internal to the mechanism released; in the behaving organism the process
depends partly on factors external to the mechanism. This is a difference of
prime significance, for in the first case, if you wish to understand all about
what the rocket is doing, you have only to look inside the rocket, at the
powder exploding there, the size and shape of the compartment in which it is
exploding, etc.; whereas, in order to understand what the organism is doing,
you will just miss the essential point if you look inside the organism. For the
organism, while a very interesting mechanism in itself, is one whose movements
tum on objects outside of itself... and these external, and sometimes very distant, objects are as much <i>constituents</i> of the behavior process as
is the organism which does the turning. ....</p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin:0in 0in 10pt;line-height:115%;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">This thing, in its essential definition, is <i>a course of action which the living body executes
or is prepared to execute with regard to some object or some fact of its
environment</i>. From this form of statement it becomes clear, I think, that
not only is this the very thing which we are generally most interested to
discover about the lower animals— what they are doing or what they are going to
do— but also that it is the most significant thing about human beings,
ourselves not excepted. " Ye shall know them by their fruits," and
not infrequently it is by one's own fruits that one comes to know oneself. It
is true that the term ' wish' is rather calculated to emphasize the distinction
between a course of action actually carried out and one that is only
entertained ' in thought.' But this distinction is really secondary. The
essential thing for both animal behavior and Freud's psychology is the <i>course of action</i>, the purpose with
regard to environment, whether or not the action is overtly carried out. <span style="font-size:11pt">(Holt, 1915, p. 52-57)</span></p></div></blockquote><div>
<div><br></div><div>P.S. I'm going to try to ignore the celery challenge, because while we recognize plants as living, we do not typically talk about them as behaving. And I think the broad issue of living vs. not-living is a different issue. We probably should talk about plants behaving a bit more than we normally do, but I think it is worth getting a handle on what we mean in the more normal seeming cases before we try to look for implications like those. <br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br clear="all">-----------<br><div dir="ltr">Eric P. Charles, Ph.D.<br>Department of Justice - Personnel <span>Psychologist</span></div><div>American University - Adjunct Instructor</div><div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="mailto:echarles@american.edu" target="_blank"></a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Wed, May 6, 2020 at 9:01 AM uǝlƃ ☣ <<a href="mailto:gepropella@gmail.com">gepropella@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">While lying in bed this morning, waiting patiently for the alarm to go off, moving nothing but whatever autonomous functions are required to keep me alive, I *struggled* to find a biological example of behavior that doesn't involve movement. The best I could come up with was the change in color you see if you water a (clipped) flower with colored water (or a fresh clipping of celery).<br>
<br>
This is also "movement", but of a clearly different scale, one we normally wouldn't call "movement". My analogous example was (as hinted by Marcus's suggestion that we put our cell phone next to some speakers or by my mention of TEMPEST) is an antenna. Antennas *behave* like inductors, an EM wave hits them and induces a current ... again, it's movement, but as Dave points out, not what we talk about in the context of dogs or ducks. Examples like EEGs don't inspire me because they imply a *purposeful*, intentional measurement device. The cell phone speaker and TEMPEST examples of movement are interesting because the former is annoying (unintentional consequences) and the latter is *adversarial*, with white, black, and red hats.<br>
<br>
So, what distinguishes the still *alive* piece of celery in the food colored water versus the antenna reactively responding to EM waves in the air? These are all "behavior". But as EricS points out, that word isn't explanatory absent the entire lexicon/ontology it *tugs* at ... like gently pulling on one strand of a spider web and seeing the whole mesh deform.<br>
<br>
On 5/5/20 8:20 PM, Jon Zingale wrote:<br>
> Perhaps even /just/ his gut fauna.<br>
> Is it that we define behavior so that we can distinguish it from<br>
> /just/ moving? I could be ok with that as a starting point.<br>
<br>
<br>
-- <br>
☣ uǝlƃ<br>
<br>
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