<div dir="ltr">Wow! Clearly I was negligent in not being online the day after a post... so.... backtracking quite a bit:<div><br></div><div>There are a few problems with Nick's example, and those problems ripple through some of the later discussion. </div><div><br></div><div>First, he invented an obscure brain injury, rather than using a fairly common one, such as frontal lobe damage from head impact, or hippocampal damage from near-asphyxiation. Frontal lobe damage often corresponds with a deterioration of the ability to anticipate the consequences of actions (among many other things). Hippocampal damage typically corresponds with a deterioration of the ability to form new memories. It would be quite reasonable for a case to hinge upon whether or not a person could anticipate the consequences of their actions. It would also be quite reasonable for a case to hinge upon whether the defendant remembered certain things that happened leading up to the crucial event. </div><div><br></div><div>Second, he imagined that it is easy to tell what a person accused of murder can or cannot do. Certainly, at the least, we must contend with the possibility that the person whose abilities we are examining is not-cooperative. They might be quite good at feigning an inability to engage in long term planning. Ditto feigning challenges anticipating the consequences of actions. Ditto feigning memory issues. How long will we keep them under examination? What are the range of conditions we are allowed to put them in to test their ability? There are serious practical challenges to determining a person's abilities. </div><div><br></div><div>Third, and MUCH more problematically, he glossed the point that the crucial logical step is not deduction or induction, but abduction. Brains are much more flexible and adaptive than most brain-talk gives it credit for. Labeling a brain area as sufficient or necessary for a given function is, at best, a statement of what is typically found under a range of "normal" developmental conditions. The studies Nick proposed did not, in fact, establish what is necessary for the abilities in question, and no brain area is sufficient, because a piece of brain in a petri dish doesn't premeditate. What we established is that a person with a particular set of lesions <i><u>probably</u> </i>couldn't do a particular thing that the law holds as important. Given the study of enough people, it would be unsurprising to find a few people who could do whatever we are interested with a different part of their brain seeming crucial. A group that is really into dynamic systems and complexity doesn't get to forget that complicated systems can have convergent paths to particular outcomes. </div><div><br></div><div>And the same applies to any other aspect of the physiology we might be interested in, such as the "brain chemistry." If the law says that you are only guilty of murder if you understand the implications of your actions, but I can provide evidence that people with a certain brain chemistry (perhaps one flooded with some drug) typically cannot understand the implications of their actions, AND I can provide evidence the defendant's brain was in that state at the time (because they'd just taken a shit ton of that particular drug), we can <i>infer </i>that the defendant not able to undersand the implication of their actions. That could be the difference between murder and manslaughter. </div><div><br></div><div>This process is also --- I might add --- no different than wondering whether a wheel-chair bound defendant could have made it up the stairs and down the hall in a given amount of time, or if that could only be done by some who could walk and run "normally." If we can get a number of wheel-chair bound people to participate in studies, we might well come up with a very good guess as to the limits of the defendant's abilities, but within a certain range it will be impossible to be sure. Yes, obviously we can learn nothing from such studies that couldn't also be learned by observing the defendant under the right circumstances, but the defendant has no motivation to cooperate (cue image of Rodney King not being able to put on a glove). And just as in the brain-focused cases above, we might well have a doctor examine the defendant's legs and render an opinion about what the defendant is likely to be able to do. But all the medical-examination evidence about their legs doesn't tell us a damn thing directly about what we are interested in, because ultimately we don't care about the defendant's legs at all, we only care whether they could have made it up the stairs and down the hall in the time required to perform the crime. We are interested in the state of their legs only to the extent it us make inferences about broader behavioral abilities. IF the defendant's lawyer convinces the jury that what they <i>really </i>care about is the legs, that would be skillful misdirection. </div><div><br></div><div>If the defendant's lawyer in the prior cases convinced the jury that what they <i>really </i>care about is an MRI result, the same error has occurred. </div><div><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br><div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="mailto:echarles@american.edu" target="_blank"></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Oct 5, 2020 at 6:39 PM <<a href="mailto:thompnickson2@gmail.com">thompnickson2@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div lang="EN-US" style="overflow-wrap: break-word;"><div class="gmail-m_-1431789878344881276WordSection1"><p class="MsoNormal">Russ, <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Categories are the stuff or ordinary logic, right. We are given the category swans. Knowing that all swans are white, and that this bird is a swan, we know that this bird is white; knowing that this bird is a swan, and that this bird is white, we infer (fallibly, but with some probability) that all swans are white; and knowing that this bird is white, and that all swans are white, we infer (fallibly, but with some probability) that this bird is a swan. <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">But nobody ever tells me where the category comes from.<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Nick <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Nicholas Thompson<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Emeritus Professor of Ethology and Psychology<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal">Clark University<u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="mailto:ThompNickSon2@gmail.com" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">ThompNickSon2@gmail.com</span></a><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson/" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson/</span></a><u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"> <u></u><u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div style="border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:none;border-top:1pt solid rgb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0in 0in"><p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> Friam <<a href="mailto:friam-bounces@redfish.com" target="_blank">friam-bounces@redfish.com</a>> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Russ Abbott<br><b>Sent:</b> Monday, October 5, 2020 4:11 PM<br><b>To:</b> The Friday Morning Applied Complexity Coffee Group <<a href="mailto:friam@redfish.com" target="_blank">friam@redfish.com</a>><br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [FRIAM] Shorthands for Brain-stuff<u></u><u></u></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:rgb(166,77,121)">Can't we get fine approximations via apt categorizations? I can witness how others, that are similar to this<br>individual, behaved in the past. </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black"> <br clear="all"></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></span></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;color:black">Of course we can and do create categories. They will often be useful, but they will almost certainly produce wrong answers in significant numbers of situations. When applied to people such categories often become stereotypes, which can do great damage to both individuals and society.</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Arial,sans-serif"><u></u><u></u></span></p></div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p></div><div><p class="MsoNormal">-- Russ Abbott <br>Professor, Computer Science<br>California State University, Los Angeles<u></u><u></u></p></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p></div><p class="MsoNormal"><u></u> <u></u></p><div><div><p class="MsoNormal">On Mon, Oct 5, 2020 at 2:02 PM jon zingale <<a href="mailto:jonzingale@gmail.com" target="_blank">jonzingale@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></p></div><blockquote style="border-top:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:none;border-left:1pt solid rgb(204,204,204);padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in"><p class="MsoNormal">"It can’t be necessary to adopt what amounts to a religion in order to<br>function with one another."<br><br>Maybe not a religion, but perhaps to recognize/engage one's beliefs relative<br>to another's beliefs?<br><br>"In many cases, one would have to know the complete history of a<br>person--from his childhood family and environment to whether someone gave<br>him the finger for no apparent reason earlier in the day--to know how he is<br>going react to any particular triggering event."<br><br>What about classes? Can't we get fine approximations via apt<br>categorizations? I can witness how others, that are similar to this<br>individual, behaved in the past.<br><br>"So, I think it's Fine and Good to *entertain* the idea of fully closed<br>logical abstraction floors and ceilings. But I think it's shaky metaphysics<br>to rely on them."<br><br>Agreed. Lately, I have been thinking a lot about openness on the left hand<br>and closedness on the right. There is no adapting to an ever-changing world<br>when we are closed, but at least we can write global theorems. When we are<br>open, we are open to catastrophe, and all progress to rectify discrepancies<br>between model and experience is inherently local.<br><br><br><br><br>--<br>Sent from: <a href="http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/" target="_blank">http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/</a><br><br>- .... . -..-. . -. -.. -..-. .. ... -..-. .... . .-. .<br>FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv<br>Zoom Fridays 9:30a-12p Mtn GMT-6 <a href="http://bit.ly/virtualfriam" target="_blank">bit.ly/virtualfriam</a><br>un/subscribe <a href="http://redfish.com/mailman/listinfo/friam_redfish.com" target="_blank">http://redfish.com/mailman/listinfo/friam_redfish.com</a><br>archives: <a href="http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/FRIAM-COMIC" target="_blank">http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/<br>FRIAM-COMIC</a> <a href="http://friam-comic.blogspot.com/" target="_blank">http://friam-comic.blogspot.com/</a> <u></u><u></u></p></blockquote></div></div></div>- .... . -..-. . -. -.. -..-. .. ... -..-. .... . .-. .<br>
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