<div dir="ltr">I wish Hywel were around to discuss this.  Here's  something he said about muons in his essay "Neutrinos for my Friends":<div><br></div><div><span id="gmail-docs-internal-guid-bdc87e3d-7fff-3c10-098f-d688474219a3"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">The </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">μ</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> particle is called muon and has a mass of 105.7 MeV.  We have a problem here.  When a process like this happens not only must energy be conserved but momentum also.  That means that we have to have two particles in the decay structure, because when the pion decays at rest then energy and momentum must be equal on both sides of our decay equation.  To make the total momentum in the right hand side of the equation zero, to balance the pion which is at rest, there must be two particles going back to back.  What is the missing particle, neutrino of course.  Change the decay equation to form </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align:center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">π</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Symbol;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">→</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  μ + ν</span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Now we get to face a new problem, we have a new particle, perhaps a lepton to which we assign the symbol </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">μ</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">.  Then given a notion that if we have a charged lepton we must have an associated neutral lepton then if we want to invent a new charged lepton namely a muon then, we have to invent a different neutrino.  We will call the muon </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">μ</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> and the neutrino </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">ν</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:sub">μ</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">.  Now get pedantic and rewrite the decay equation as </span></p><br><p dir="ltr" style="line-height:1.2;text-align:center;margin-top:0pt;margin-bottom:0pt"><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">π</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super">+</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:Symbol;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">→</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">  μ</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super">+</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> + ν</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:sub">μ</span></span></p><br><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">Then we have some more new problems, we have chosen a positively charged pion and so we have an antilepton </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">μ</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:super">+</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> and a lepton </span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">ν</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"><span style="font-size:0.6em;vertical-align:sub">μ</span></span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap">.  This combination follows the structure of the electron lepton pair so we should feel comfortable with this similarity.   Later there was a new discovery, namely another lepton called</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Noto Sans Symbols",sans-serif;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> τ,</span><span style="font-size:12pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:transparent;font-variant-numeric:normal;font-variant-east-asian:normal;vertical-align:baseline;white-space:pre-wrap"> with a corresponding neutrino and given the strength of our observationality that is it.  Seems likely but who knows!  </span></span><br><br><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">---------- Forwarded message ---------<br>From: <strong class="gmail_sendername" dir="auto">The New York Times</strong> <span dir="auto"><<a href="mailto:nytdirect@nytimes.com">nytdirect@nytimes.com</a>></span><br>Date: Thu, Apr 8, 2021 at 4:36 PM<br>Subject: The tiny particle that could upend the known laws of physics.<br>To:  <<a href="mailto:wimberly3@berkeley.edu">wimberly3@berkeley.edu</a>><br></div><br><br><u></u><div>
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<div style="display:none;font-size:1px;color:#fff;line-height:1px;max-height:0;max-width:0;opacity:0;overflow:hidden">Meet the muon: Though small in size, its possible significance may be vast.</div><div><table width="100%" align="left" border="0" style="margin:0" bgcolor="#FFFFFF"><tbody><tr><td id="m_8832539908468453877EMAIL_CONTAINER" align="left" width="100%"><div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%"><table width="100%" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr style="width:100%"><td style="padding:15px 0 5px;border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;text-align:center;width:100%"><div style="font-family:arial,sans-serif;font-size:12px;text-align:center;width:100%;padding-bottom:10px"><a href="https://nl.nytimes.com/f/a/YsgvLLMnWiFJSE2G2lI-PQ~~/AAAAAQA~/RgRiUgp7P4Q3AWh0dHBzOi8vbWVzc2FnaW5nLWN1c3RvbS1uZXdzbGV0dGVycy5ueXRpbWVzLmNvbS90ZW1wbGF0ZS9vYWt2Mj9jYW1wYWlnbl9pZD0xOTAmZW1jPWVkaXRfdWZuXzIwMjEwNDA4Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTI5MDE3Jm5sPXVwZGF0ZXMtZnJvbS10aGUtbmV3c3Jvb20tJnByb2R1Y3RDb2RlPVVGTiZyZWdpX2lkPTc4MzYxODEyJnNlZ21lbnRfaWQ9NTUyMjkmdGU9MSZ1cmk9bnl0JTNBJTJGJTJGbmV3c2xldHRlciUyRjA2MjgxOTkxLTRjN2QtNWI5Mi1hZDIzLWI0ZmZiMjFjNTJhYSZ1c2VyX2lkPWZmNjdjMjlkMDIyYjM0YWQxYWFhMWY2ZGQ2NDQ4MDdjVwNueXRCCmBve4VvYDNm-0xSFndpbWJlcmx5M0BiZXJrZWxleS5lZHVYBAAAAAA~" alt="View in browser" style="color:#666;text-decoration:none;line-height:18px" target="_blank">View in browser</a><span style="color:#dcdcdc;margin:0 10px">|</span><a href="https://nl.nytimes.com/f/a/LZskR9GTVjwNOIXZovYF0w~~/AAAAAQA~/RgRiUgp7P0S-aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubnl0aW1lcy5jb20vP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTE5MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF91Zm5fMjAyMTA0MDgmaW5zdGFuY2VfaWQ9MjkwMTcmbmw9dXBkYXRlcy1mcm9tLXRoZS1uZXdzcm9vbS0mcmVnaV9pZD03ODM2MTgxMiZzZWdtZW50X2lkPTU1MjI5JnRlPTEmdXNlcl9pZD1mZjY3YzI5ZDAyMmIzNGFkMWFhYTFmNmRkNjQ0ODA3Y1cDbnl0Qgpgb3uFb2AzZvtMUhZ3aW1iZXJseTNAYmVya2VsZXkuZWR1WAQAAAAA" alt="The New York Times" style="color:#666;text-decoration:none;line-height:18px" target="_blank">nytimes.com</a></div></td></tr><tr style="width:100%" id="m_8832539908468453877"><td class="m_8832539908468453877css-kd0pk" style="border-bottom:1px solid #dcdcdc;padding:25px 0 20px;width:100%;text-align:center" width="100%" align="center"><div class="m_8832539908468453877css-1nu1ipb" style="margin-bottom:15px"><a alt=""><img src="https://static.nytimes.com/email-images/newsletters/NYT-Headers-NoName-clear.png" alt="" style="width:300px" width="300"></a></div><p style="width:100%;margin-bottom:0;font:12px/12px georgia,serif">April 8, 2021</p></td></tr><tr><td height="20" width="100%" style="font-size:0;line-height:0"></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%"><table width="100%" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><table width="100%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0;font-family:arial,sans-serif;color:#333;padding:0;background:#fff"><tbody><tr><td style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1" width="100%"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2021/04/07/science/07FERMILAB1/merlin_185601927_a78ef4d3-2883-4881-af44-ca96d89c0b36-articleLarge.jpg" class="m_8832539908468453877css-zh06no" style="display:block;width:100%;height:auto;padding-top:10px"></td></tr><tr><td class="m_8832539908468453877css-1ukdnh3" style="text-align:left;width:100%;padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:15px;line-height:14px" width="100%" align="left"><span><span class="m_8832539908468453877css-atnqj9" style="margin:0;font:normal 14px georgia,serif;color:#666">The Muon g-2 ring, at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill., operates at minus 450 degrees Fahrenheit and studies the wobble of muons as they travel through the magnetic field.</span><span class="m_8832539908468453877css-hpkdsj" style="margin:0;font:normal 11px georgia,serif;padding-left:5px;color:#888;letter-spacing:.01em">Reidar Hahn/Fermilab, via U.S. Department of Energy</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="margin:0 auto;max-width:600px;width:100%"><table width="100%" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td align="left"><p style="color:#333;font:normal 17px/25px georgia,serif;margin:0 0 15px">Evidence is mounting that the muon, a tiny subatomic particle, is being influenced by forms of matter and energy that are not yet known to science, but which may affect the nature and evolution of the universe. This discovery could eventually lead to breakthroughs more dramatic than <a href="https://nl.nytimes.com/f/newsletter/f44n1hu_lYVGTE-ql0OyKQ~~/AAAAAQA~/RgRiUgp7P4QSAWh0dHBzOi8vd3d3Lm55dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMTIvMDcvMDUvc2NpZW5jZS9jZXJuLXBoeXNpY2lzdHMtbWF5LWhhdmUtZGlzY292ZXJlZC1oaWdncy1ib3Nvbi1wYXJ0aWNsZS5odG1sP2NhbXBhaWduX2lkPTE5MCZlbWM9ZWRpdF91Zm5fMjAyMTA0MDgmaHA9Jmluc3RhbmNlX2lkPTI5MDE3Jm5sPXVwZGF0ZXMtZnJvbS10aGUtbmV3c3Jvb20tJnJlZ2lfaWQ9NzgzNjE4MTImc2VnbWVudF9pZD01NTIyOSZ0ZT0xJnVzZXJfaWQ9ZmY2N2MyOWQwMjJiMzRhZDFhYWExZjZkZDY0NDgwN2NXA255dEIKYG97hW9gM2b7TFIWd2ltYmVybHkzQGJlcmtlbGV5LmVkdVgEAAAAAA~~" class="m_8832539908468453877css-1sybz1k" style="color:#286ed0;border-bottom:1px solid #286ed0;text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</div><br clear="all"><div><br></div>-- <br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr">Frank Wimberly<br>140 Calle Ojo Feliz<br>Santa Fe, NM 87505<br>505 670-9918<div><br></div><div>Research:  <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frank_Wimberly2" target="_blank">https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Frank_Wimberly2</a></div></div></div></div></div>