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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>Hi Dave, <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>And Hi Jenny!<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>What is the metaphor the writer has in mind when he speaks of “evolution”. Evolution-by-natural-selection works by decreasing the variability offered up by mutation. Evolution-by- phylogenesis may increase variability or decrease it, depending on the demands of the environment. Stable environments offer the opportunity for phylogenesis; variable environments suppress it. Developmental systems, of course, don’t tolerate massive random variability. For a variant to survive most things have to be held constant. The model Gabriel has in mind here seems to be like that of the Preconscious advanced many years ago by Lawrence Kubie in his <i>Neurotic Distortion of the Creative Process</i> which views craziness (eg Van Gogh) as a limitation of creativity, not as a maker thereof. (Think of how brilliant Van Gogh would have been if he HADN’T been crazy) True creativity (says Kubie) arises from the PRE-conscious, e.g., daydreaming, in which thoughts get scrambled into novel combinations. But even Kubie-variation would be too great for a developmental system. In general, I think valorizing variability obscures the fact that in any developmental or evolutionary system MODERATE levels of variability are essential, and the essential question is how do we balance the future-seeking power of variation against the stability necessary for that variation to find expression. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Nick <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal>Nick Thompson<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="mailto:ThompNickSon2@gmail.com">ThompNickSon2@gmail.com</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson/">https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson/</a><o:p></o:p></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #E1E1E1 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal><b>From:</b> Friam <friam-bounces@redfish.com> <b>On Behalf Of </b>Prof David West<br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, April 21, 2021 8:52 AM<br><b>To:</b> friam@redfish.com<br><b>Subject:</b> [FRIAM] interjection from another conversation<o:p></o:p></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>A comment by Richard Gabriel that I stole from another conversation (the only FRIAMMER in that conversation is Jenny Quillien who used to attend the mother church before moving to the Netherlands).<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>"I think it adds a dimension to many of the evolution conversations we have had the past couple of years.</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>I recommend reading either “Why Greatness Cannot be Planned: The Myth of the Objective” by Lehman and Stanley or its more technical foundational paper "Abandoning Objectives: Evolution through the Search for Novelty Alone,” by the same authors. In this book and paper they argue that natural and artificial evolution are (better thought of as being) based on (or implemented as) novelty seeking with survival as a (boring) constraint. The main step of evolution, they say, is to produce diversity / novelty so that the new creation creates a new niche: the new mutations don’t compete with others for resources, they exploit different resources. For example, when exaptation created the first flyers, all of a sudden a whole raft of predators became irrelevant. </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>So evolution is looking for new ways to live instead of better ways to live. Within an established species, it might be that evolution as optimization creates incremental improvements.</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>If evolution is based on creating novelty, then after all the simple (different) ways to live have been tried, the only direction to go is complexity."</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>davew<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></body></html>