<div dir="ltr">College is a weird case, but I think it fits pretty well too, in much the way you described. <div><br></div><div>In my experience, colleging from the late '90s forward, the story is a bit different, I think, than what you presented. I was there during a dramatic shift towards endowment-driven need-based aid, and inflated federal need-based aid. Obviously, there is a "merit" question regarding who gets admitted to top schools -- and that judgement is not blind of insidious little things like legacy considerations, and personal connections -- but once you are admitted most aid is NOT merit based. </div><div><br></div><div>This is part of what fed the dramatic rise in tuition prices. At, for example, Bucknell, right now, the "Total Comprehensive Cost" for a year (tuition, housing, meals, fees) is $75k, and the average need-based financial aid package is $41k. Just over half the students receive financial aid, and for them the effective price closer to $34k, which means they are paying less that half the sticker price. It looks like Oberlin is pretty similar. </div><div><br></div><div>For Clark University, drop the total costs to $59k, and give 62% of the students an aid package averaging $28k. That makes the effective cost for a scholarship student still pretty similar, at $31k, but you aren't getting as high a premium on those paying full price, and there are fewer paying full price. </div><div><br></div><div>UC Berkeley comes in at $64k for out of state total costs, $35k for in state. Only 41% of students receive need based aid, with an average need-based scholarship of $24k... so out of state students there are actually paying more, on average, than the people at the elite private schools... but, of course, in-state is about $20k less. </div><div><br></div><div>What about an HBCU like Howard University? Total costs $40k, and 87% of students receive need based aid, but it is only $5k average. That takes us back to an effective price for scholarship students of $35k, with almost no premium for those paying full. </div><div><br></div><div>All of those colleges also ARE offering merit-based aid packages, but the average amount is much smaller, and they go to a much smaller % of the students. </div><div><br></div><div>To find something very different, you need to go to something like Trinity Washington University, which has a very strong local social-empowerment mission. Their total costs are around $35k (but most don't need room and board, so really $25k), and 95% of students are on need based aid, covering most of that.</div><div><br></div><div>And then, of course, there are the for-profit degree mills which price themselves right around the federal loan amounts, and live almost entirely off of the federal loan debt their students take on. </div><div><br></div><div>So, yes, the college sticker price IS something to discount off of, and that scheme is inflating the prices similar to how it does in the other examples, but I think the rise of need-based aid is the primary driver, rather than merit aid, and it will look different depending on which type of school you are looking at. <br clear="all"><div><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><br clear="all">-----------<br><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr">Eric P. Charles, Ph.D.<br>Senior Workforce Planner</div><div dir="ltr">Human Capital Management Office</div><div dir="ltr">Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA)</div><div>American University - Adjunct Instructor</div></div><div></div></div><div dir="ltr"><a href="mailto:echarles@american.edu" target="_blank"></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><br></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sat, Jul 3, 2021 at 1:01 AM David Eric Smith <<a href="mailto:desmith@santafe.edu">desmith@santafe.edu</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div style="overflow-wrap: break-word;">Thanks Nick,<div><br></div><div>I do know of Wilkerson, though (not surprising in my case) I have read only some of her shorter-form essay and not the full book. She was a topic of a thread some weeks or months ago here. </div><div><br></div><div>Sandel I did not know of by name, so thank you for link.</div><div><br></div><div>I think the thing I was responding to in Glen’s and EricC’s posts wasn’t deconstructing the social rhetoric of merit. It happens that that term comes up in the university strategies, both as a tag (the alternative to “need”), and as part of the narrative bulwark that gets recruited to justify choice structures. But I think equally well, the presence of 9-month “sales” at mattress warehouses, or of inflated drug and medical service costs, or even the pricing rackets of Elsevier and Springer, are not mainly driven by a program to disenfranchise black people or any particular social underclass.</div><div><br></div><div>It does resonate that Wilkerson would enter this discussion, because I was arguing that caste is a good term, avoiding loading everything onto race, because caste emphasizes the fundamentally exploitative system we currently have, and gives a suggestion that this system would create racism even if it did not already exist, just because it is an efficient mechanism for exploitation. </div><div><br></div><div>I think the thing I was after, though, was the mechanism-paradigm that makes the functioning of this system comprehensible and allows one to reason about dealing with it or changing it. We live, socially and economically, I this children’s story about posted prices, nicely atomized exchanges, negotiated settlements, and prices optimized to maximize clearing and consumer’s surplus at the margin, in all of which one doesn’t need the term “power” except as a shadowy backstop that allows contracts to be enforced. </div><div><br></div><div>In contrast, the system Glen and EricC describe is organized mainly by the power structure it creates, which seems to function by very narrowly canalizing the choice sets any individual ever faces in interacting with the “market”. The nominal Adam-Smith-like elements, prices, voluntary exchange and such, all exist in the writing. But the volume flows through these highly correlated systems of exchange, designed to be its almost-exclusive channel. They may be bundles (as for journals purchased by libraries), they may be reciprocals (as in “scholarships” as fishhooks for tuition) or they may be rackets as in medical products and services or grant budgets for scientific publishing (or the grants offices in universities, for that matter, without which few scientists could ever face an agency and survive). What all those seem to have in common is that the conditions are so elaborate that, even in a big world, for most of what you want to do as an isolated decision, there are no options left at all. Effectively, markets are massively incomplete everywhere and all the time, which in economic-speak is the one condition under which the architecture of power does have to be acknowledge and its role reckoned with.</div><div><br></div><div>Again, not inappropriate to cue those who talk about caste or merit. It will be great if there can be chapters in one of these where they break away from their larger theme to do an analysis of this economic model just as a mode of organization.</div><div><br></div><div>All this is also sort of Sam Bowles, Wendy Carlin, or Jon Komlos type of stuff; the Neo-Marxians. What I don’t know is whether the little models they write down really help in analysis, the way we have wanted economics to do in other areas.</div><div><br></div><div>It is interesting.</div><div><br></div><div>Eric</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br><div><br><blockquote type="cite"><div>On Jul 3, 2021, at 10:33 AM, <<a href="mailto:thompnickson2@gmail.com" target="_blank">thompnickson2@gmail.com</a>> <<a href="mailto:thompnickson2@gmail.com" target="_blank">thompnickson2@gmail.com</a>> wrote:</div><br><div><div style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">EricS,<span> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Have you looked at Sandel’s<span> </span><b><i>Tyranny of Merit</i></b><span> </span>or Wilkerson’s<span> </span><b><i>Caste</i></b>?<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">If on thinks hard enough about “merit” it becomes deeply confusing. The idea of Merit is something that I got on my own, right? So working back from now to birth whence exactly did I get that merit. Even what I got from my genes was random right. At what point do get to embrace my merit as of my own making? So far as me, myself, is concerned, it’s all luck all the way down. That is what the declaration of independence means when it says that all [humans] are created equal. <span> </span><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nick<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Nick Thompson<u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="mailto:ThompNickSon2@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">ThompNickSon2@gmail.com</span></a><u></u><u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https%3a%2f%2fwordpress.clarku.edu%2fnthompson%2f&c=E,1,a5JFyWgvKrzNn-1Zvgk-zmQNgrNqwgzD7fobyyZPgVP-YbOeCzVxnUFF7U9wWWmXf2aJcYuoruoJ6UHyyhrvm78b2IvZ1w6lVA9fiitUGbaztZgtDg,,&typo=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank"><span style="color:rgb(5,99,193)">https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson/</span></a><u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div style="border-style:solid none none;border-top-width:1pt;border-top-color:rgb(225,225,225);padding:3pt 0in 0in"><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><b>From:</b><span> </span>Friam <<a href="mailto:friam-bounces@redfish.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">friam-bounces@redfish.com</a>><span> </span><b>On Behalf Of<span> </span></b>David Eric Smith<br><b>Sent:</b><span> </span>Friday, July 2, 2021 7:47 PM<br><b>To:</b><span> </span>The Friday Morning Applied Complexity Coffee Group <<a href="mailto:friam@redfish.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">friam@redfish.com</a>><br><b>Subject:</b><span> </span>Re: [FRIAM] of straw and steel<u></u><u></u></div></div></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">I think there is some version of this for college tuitions, too, though I am partly muddy-headed and what I say next will probably fail the logical map at some points.<u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The general idea is some combination of what is in Ginsberg’s book<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Fall-Faculty-Benjamin-Ginsberg/dp/0199975434" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/Fall-Faculty-Benjamin-Ginsberg/dp/0199975434</a><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">but even more so in some article I read in J. Higher Ed or something (which I have not succeeded in finding and I need now for other projects), to the effect that:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">1. There is been a massive cumulative re-allocation of money out of need-based grants and to merit-based scholarships over the past 40 years or so.<u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">2. Sounds good, of course: who could be against rewarding merit.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">3. Except that, de facto, what one largely rewards is preparation, which is a proxy for parental wealth and membership in one of the culture’s preferred classes, races, regions, or what-have-you. The part of this that I am pretty sure is in Ginsberg is also fishing for parental wealth by building snazzy student centers, on-campus water parks, etc. All that at enormous cost. The punchline of all this is that WHEN THE BUSINESSMEN TAKE OVER THE CONCEPT OF THE UNIVERSITY, THE UNIVERSITY BECOMES A BUSINESS. So, monies spent, such as tuition deferment whether called grant or scholarships, is in their worldview VENTURE CAPITAL. (That was what was in the JHE article.) And the return that venture capital is seeking is parental tuition money.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">So how does this map to Glen’s EricC’s comments: The nominal tuition is very high (4x what it was in the 1970s, per faculty actually teaching or doing research). That high tuition isn’t actually cost-received from most parents, because a significant fraction of it was spent either giving their kids scholarships, building water parks and student centers, or whatever. However: if they had given it in need-based grants, they wouldn’t be getting _anything_ from the parents. So in the businessman’s world, the investment gathered a maximized monetary profit, which was the criterion for how to make it. <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">As in EricC’s point below, there will be some very rich parents with kids so lazy or dull that they aren’t well-prepared even with opportunities, so one can’t give them scholarships, and those will pay the sticker price. Those are the ones who buy the article at $19, or medical products or services at list price. High profit but small margin on them.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">In all the recent and ongoing conversations about tuition jubilee or free college in the US, I worry that everything real and solvable gets ruled out before we ever start, because the above characterization of the real business model isn’t front and center. Not very different for medical products and services (I am trying not to use the completely bleached expression “health care”), though that has been around long enough that a fuller story is not so uncommon to find.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">It is right that we have mortgaged a whole generation of kids with unplayable tuition loans, and probably somebody should eat that cost. Kind of like when German banks bought junk mortgage bonds in the US, they should actually have been allowed to fail for having not done due diligence, rather than being bailed out by a government that then had to get the money to float them by leaning on somebody else (the Irish, the Italians). That of course doesn’t really work for the reasons correctly given in Minsky’s Ratchet<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Stabilizing-Unstable-Economy-Hyman-Minsky/dp/0071592997" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/Stabilizing-Unstable-Economy-Hyman-Minsky/dp/0071592997</a><u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">But the threat of it somehow should be used, while the problem is building, to keep the banks doing due diligence, and to stop the schools from hiking tuition and spending to profit on the margin, or medical products and services skyrocketing as a negotiating point against insurance companies, etc. The system either gets fixed as a system, or not at all.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">There must be a really great book somewhere, which gets the data and the economics better than I can, and also explains this clearly enough that it can be an everyman’s book. It’s messy and a bait indirect, but it’s not so hard as to be incomprehensible. Does anybody know such a book? <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Eric<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><br><br><u></u><u></u></div><blockquote style="margin-top:5pt;margin-bottom:5pt" type="cite"><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On Jul 3, 2021, at 5:51 AM, Eric Charles <<a href="mailto:eric.phillip.charles@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">eric.phillip.charles@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Something Glen's analysis, there are MANY things in the modern economy that fit things model, including healthcare. <u></u><u></u></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The insurance companies demand a steep discount in procedures.<u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The hospital's have costs to cover. <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">The only possible consequence is to dramatically increase the sticker price. There hospital doesn't expect someone to pay that much for a major procedure, they expect bulk buyers (i.e., insurance companies) to drive buisness at ther bulk price. (If some random person does pay sticker price every so often, all the better, but that's not ther primary goal.) <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Mattress companies, clothing stores, etc. that have massive sales 3/4th of the year are doing the same sort of thing. <u></u><u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">See also my continuous complaints about the "Big Mac Index". Only a small % of Big Macs in the U.S. are purchased at sicker price. The sticker price is primarily intended as something to discount off of. <u></u><u></u></div></div></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div><div><div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">On Wed, Jun 30, 2021, 10:56 AM uǝlƃ<span> </span><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI Symbol",sans-serif">☤</span>>$ <<a href="mailto:gepropella@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">gepropella@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<u></u><u></u></div></div><blockquote style="border-style:none none none solid;border-left-width:1pt;border-left-color:rgb(204,204,204);padding:0in 0in 0in 6pt;margin-left:4.8pt;margin-right:0in" type="cite"><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">Maybe. But remember, despite the prescriptive linguists out there: a) "troll" is not an insult and b) it can be accidental.<br><br>All 3 of Russ' "people with grants", Barry's "rent seeking", and Pieter's "publishing profits are bad for science" responses are a trawler's delight! Rather than talk about the Strawman fallacy and it's variations, we're talking ... [sigh] again ... about capitalism and money.<br><br>Call it naivete if you want. But it was a very effective troll.<br><br>On 6/30/21 7:47 AM,<span> </span><a href="mailto:thompnickson2@gmail.com" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">thompnickson2@gmail.com</a><span> </span>wrote:<br>> Oh, I see. The point is to make getting the individual item so expensive that it just balances driving to the library (or doing ILL) with subscribing to the Journal. It's pure manipulation; costs have nothing to do with it. <span> </span><br>><span> </span><br>> Glen, I think you persistently confuse naivete with trolling.<span> </span><br><br>--<span> </span><br><span style="font-family:"Segoe UI Symbol",sans-serif">☤</span>>$ uǝlƃ<br><br>- .... . -..-. . -. -.. -..-. .. ... -..-. .... . .-. .<br>FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv<br>Zoom Fridays 9:30a-12p Mtn GMT-6 <span> </span><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fbit.ly%2fvirtualfriam&c=E,1,vtRPbIZSETq04zfwBbWd3LYgUEX1_KVE5DcT3mtOL0SUmtcNgiuRfSEtck56qg7m3SnmFC3lSfs6z_jbuzlSSjGMph1_Fw4WC1fnmMxDpavMvjhh7Dm8&typo=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">bit.ly/virtualfriam</a><br>un/subscribe<span> </span><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fredfish.com%2fmailman%2flistinfo%2ffriam_redfish.com&c=E,1,i03FuP6wZL5Em3ggAffAeArKn4MhX9W3s2eW9P5IKi9VS1f17w-ZtKxuIBfNkBp2huMk2ukG57vHFz4NGsZsawZABdXbmbrBusUQoTXf6Q,,&typo=1" 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href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fbit.ly%2fvirtualfriam&c=E,1,rYJkWXbyl1UoSLtIGBhQfelMw0ZM-XSQgQrFCQHZ6neRzZhC0YPoKFKgZSwH6aM5joY2VDO15mbbmFhyh6S7tKeWX-P5PjkBHEe5_VT9o_9mqzJS&typo=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">bit.ly/virtualfriam</a><br>un/subscribe<span> </span><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fredfish.com%2fmailman%2flistinfo%2ffriam_redfish.com&c=E,1,ejvpu3P2__Ts5Rr739RVpxF3vN-R7967EAtFeYL76vfx9QUdqw4lWXY1mwNOLKTw9b1Nr97hF6naL9Kl9g-YB3XQAufNCt2PWiVq7Syn3--nLrXt5MpTLZ0u&typo=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fredfish.com%2fmailman%2flistinfo%2ffriam_redfish.com&c=E,1,ejvpu3P2__Ts5Rr739RVpxF3vN-R7967EAtFeYL76vfx9QUdqw4lWXY1mwNOLKTw9b1Nr97hF6naL9Kl9g-YB3XQAufNCt2PWiVq7Syn3--nLrXt5MpTLZ0u&typo=1</a><br>FRIAM-COMIC<span> </span><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2ffriam-comic.blogspot.com%2f&c=E,1,ZjZ63z6kUldm120MBYXD8YdOu2LSLbqQeU4EQNtcre3l1ShWItR0mO9KRw_ML9kJNZuEcyNFL22zJWPdpnuCTHJwTmz0JAu2ocnTqeV6ZLNExmqYkKnk8K4Q4CAw&typo=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2ffriam-comic.blogspot.com%2f&c=E,1,ZjZ63z6kUldm120MBYXD8YdOu2LSLbqQeU4EQNtcre3l1ShWItR0mO9KRw_ML9kJNZuEcyNFL22zJWPdpnuCTHJwTmz0JAu2ocnTqeV6ZLNExmqYkKnk8K4Q4CAw&typo=1</a><br>archives:<span> </span><a href="http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline" target="_blank">http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/</a><u></u><u></u></div></div></blockquote></div><div style="margin:0in;font-size:11pt;font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><u></u> <u></u></div></div></div><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;float:none;display:inline">- .... . -..-. . -. -.. -..-. .. ... -..-. .... . .-. .</span><br style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;float:none;display:inline">FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv</span><br style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;float:none;display:inline">Zoom Fridays 9:30a-12p Mtn GMT-6 </span><a href="http://bit.ly/virtualfriam" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" target="_blank">bit.ly/virtualfriam</a><br style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;float:none;display:inline">un/subscribe<span> </span></span><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fredfish.com%2fmailman%2flistinfo%2ffriam_redfish.com&c=E,1,EInmareeUktdCZbcTHmgnB-Jg7-aXcCE4geYk-rMDyqFaloNknfUMjS2h-dQGpb4OETPW7CzCID0g55aTu2dL-w_SYTrEGf58QX4x3yPJ7SWUr3y9-c,&typo=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" target="_blank">https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2fredfish.com%2fmailman%2flistinfo%2ffriam_redfish.com&c=E,1,EInmareeUktdCZbcTHmgnB-Jg7-aXcCE4geYk-rMDyqFaloNknfUMjS2h-dQGpb4OETPW7CzCID0g55aTu2dL-w_SYTrEGf58QX4x3yPJ7SWUr3y9-c,&typo=1</a><br style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;float:none;display:inline">FRIAM-COMIC<span> </span></span><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2ffriam-comic.blogspot.com%2f&c=E,1,8xJ5SfMgkLr8-garixPAD1l2Ikijty644zefnQgCx8XTCFMFK25GEVOKwCx8rAACgdc_A7EF9Bap_d2W6M_2DYcInjXSze8-HLW6oD0SLsZ5IexvRA,,&typo=1" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" target="_blank">https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http%3a%2f%2ffriam-comic.blogspot.com%2f&c=E,1,8xJ5SfMgkLr8-garixPAD1l2Ikijty644zefnQgCx8XTCFMFK25GEVOKwCx8rAACgdc_A7EF9Bap_d2W6M_2DYcInjXSze8-HLW6oD0SLsZ5IexvRA,,&typo=1</a><br style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none"><span style="font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px;text-decoration:none;float:none;display:inline">archives:<span> </span></span><a href="http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/" style="color:blue;text-decoration:underline;font-family:Helvetica;font-size:12px;font-style:normal;font-variant-caps:normal;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;text-align:start;text-indent:0px;text-transform:none;white-space:normal;word-spacing:0px" target="_blank">http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/</a></div></blockquote></div><br></div></div>- .... . -..-. . -. -.. -..-. .. ... -..-. .... . .-. .<br>
FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv<br>
Zoom Fridays 9:30a-12p Mtn GMT-6 <a href="http://bit.ly/virtualfriam" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">bit.ly/virtualfriam</a><br>
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archives: <a href="http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://friam.471366.n2.nabble.com/</a><br>
</blockquote></div>