<div dir="auto">I want to clarify what a dual space is. I think it is much more specific than Jon thinks it is. A vector space is a linear space which consists of vectors for which addition and scalar multiplication are defined. Scalars are usually real numbers but may elements of other fields such a complex numbers.<div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">An important example of a (finite dimensional) vector space is the set of n-tuples of real numbers. A linear functional on a vector space is a function defined on the set of vectors the into the set of scalars. This is a (0,1) tensor on the space. The set of linear functionals is also a vector space called the dual space. The vectors of the original space define linear functionals on the dual space as follows: v(f) = f(v).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">The only other dual space of which I am aware of is the dual topological space which Google tells me is</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><span style="color:rgb(77,81,86);font-family:roboto,"helvetica neue",arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a dual topology is a </span><b style="max-height:999999px;color:rgb(77,81,86);font-family:roboto,"helvetica neue",arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)">locally convex topology on a dual</b><span style="color:rgb(77,81,86);font-family:roboto,"helvetica neue",arial,sans-serif;font-size:14px;background-color:rgb(255,255,255)"> pair, two vector spaces with a bilinear form defined on them, so that one vector space becomes the continuous dual of the other space.</span></div><div dir="auto"><font color="#4d5156" face="roboto, helvetica neue, arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size:14px"><br></span></font></div><div dir="auto">I am being very succinct and may not remember these definitions correctly. Jon may be speaking "metaphorically" when he talks about pheromone trails being duals of ants.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Anyway...</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Frank</div><div dir="auto"><br><div data-smartmail="gmail_signature" dir="auto">---<br>Frank C. Wimberly<br>140 Calle Ojo Feliz, <br>Santa Fe, NM 87505<br><br>505 670-9918<br>Santa Fe, NM</div></div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Oct 24, 2021, 1:05 PM Jon Zingale <<a href="mailto:jonzingale@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">jonzingale@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:verdana,sans-serif;font-size:small;color:#333333">"""<br>The problem for me with this view is that I don't understand how seeing<br>pheromone as 'organizing itself in space' is intuitively useful.<br>"""<br><br>I suppose that even if I didn't find this view *useful*, which I do and<br>will attempt to explain momentarily, I continue to find that it offers<br>a theoretical completeness that I find aesthetically compelling. Much<br>like magnetism and electricity can appear as distinct phenomena or as<br>two aspects of an integrated whole, stigmergy points to a similar duality<br>between agent and environment, another integrated whole. Lifting to such<br>a perspective offers insights into a class of possible implementations,<br>all preserving the underlying dynamics.<br><br>For instance, when attempting to reason about the ant-pheromone system,<br>I find it useful to view the ants as inefficient *raster-like* update<br>to the state, but of course one could also choose a less brownian,<br>less resource-limited or less discrete approach. For instance, I believe<br>it makes the analysis more clear if we instead picture a continuum of<br>ants acting on the space and begin with pheromone of very little effect.<br>Then slowly turning up the potency, we begin to see the pheromone<br>organize and as a side-effect (and as an epiphenomenon from my view)<br>the ants follow suit. To view the ants as an implementation detail, for<br>me, yields clarity into the problem, while the pheromone takes the role<br>of first class citizens in the ABM.<br><br>"""<br>Toward the end, you wrote, "I only meant to emphasize that stigmergy<br>appears to me as a local concept." I'm not sure what that means.<br>"""<br><br>By local, I mean local as it often manifests in mathematics, but I<br>gather that you would prefer a different tack. Here I am referring to a<br>pair of related concepts for me:<br><br>1. Excision of glider's from Conway's game.<br><br>2. Characterization of subjectivities (one's subjective experience, say)<br>relative to objectivity.<br><br>When one watches Conway's game unfold, it is challenging to maintain the<br>view that gliders are not agents but simply a local patch of board state<br>in the process of updating itself as a whole. The ease with which we<br>perceive gliders as agents facilitated the discovery of "glider guns",<br>and ultimately the construction of assemblages of "glider guns" to make<br>logic gates. Further, there is a smallest possible toroidal board such<br>that one can have a glider (and only a glider) walk along the surface<br>forever. The relation of this smallest board to any other board state is<br>(in my view) an analogy, an inclusion relation.<br><br>Localization, here for me, is a way of bracketing the baby from the<br>bathwater while continuing to acknowledge that the meaning of both is<br>in relation to a whole. There have been a number of discussions on this<br>forum (and quite a few papers by its participants) where work is done<br>to emphasize the complications associated with non-trivial mereological<br>systems, systems of parts with non-trivial structural constraints. Two<br>recent papers that come to mind are:<br><br>1. <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430402v1.full" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.09.430402v1.full</a><br>2. <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.00420.pdf" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://arxiv.org/pdf/1811.00420.pdf</a><br></div></div>
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