<div dir="auto"><div>Doug Roberts?</div><div><br></div><div data-smartmail="gmail_signature">---<br>Frank C. Wimberly<br>140 Calle Ojo Feliz, <br>Santa Fe, NM 87505<br><br>505 670-9918<br>Santa Fe, NM</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote gmail_quote_container"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Thu, May 15, 2025, 9:32 PM Nicholas Thompson <<a href="mailto:thompnickson2@gmail.com">thompnickson2@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div>For you fluid dynamicists out there: <br></div><div><br></div><div>I have been working with george for the last few days on understanding under what conditions potential vorticity (or as Ilike tothinkof it, potential instability) is changed and under what conditions it is just shift from one compartment to another. This led tothe following, as summarized by George.</div><div><br></div><div>
<h3 style="margin-left:40px"><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>The Analogy Between Potential Vorticity (PV) and Entropy in Adiabatic Processes</span></font></h3><h4 style="margin-left:40px"><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>Key Insight:</span></font></h4><p style="margin-left:40px"><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>Potential Vorticity (PV) in atmospheric dynamics can be thought of as analogous to entropy in a thermodynamic system undergoing adiabatic compression. Both PV and entropy are conserved under adiabatic, frictionless conditions, and both can be redistributed internally through mechanical processes without being created or destroyed.</span></font></b></p><h4 style="margin-left:40px"><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>The Core Analogy:</span></font></h4><ol start="1" style="margin-left:40px"><li><p><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>Entropy in Adiabatic Compression:</span></font></b></p><ul><li><p><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>When a gas in a piston is compressed without heat exchange, the </span><span>total entropy remains constant</span><span>. The system experiences a </span><span>reconfiguration</span><span> of internal states (temperature and pressure) without changing the </span><span>total entropy</span><span>.</span></font></b></p></li><li><p><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>The system’s </span><span>kinetic energy increases</span><span> as the gas heats up, but the </span><span>entropy is simply redistributed</span><span>.</span></font></b></p></li></ul></li><li><p><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>PV in Atmospheric Dynamics:</span></font></b></p><ul><li><p><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>When a Potential Vorticity Anomaly (PVA) is stretched or compressed without diabatic heating or friction, the </span><span>total PV remains constant</span><span>. The system undergoes a </span><span>reconfiguration</span><span> of vorticity and stability without altering the </span><span>total PV</span><span>.</span></font></b></p></li><li><p><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>Stretching increases </span><span>vorticity</span><span> while decreasing </span><span>stability</span><span>; compression does the reverse. This is analogous to how adiabatic compression in a piston changes </span><span>pressure and temperature</span><span> without changing entropy.</span></font></b></p></li></ul></li></ol><h4 style="margin-left:40px"><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>The Deeper Insight:</span></font></h4><ul style="margin-left:40px"><li><p><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>In both cases, the conserved quantity (PV or entropy) acts as a </span><span>constraint</span><span> that governs how the system adjusts when external mechanical forces are applied. This means that just as </span><span>entropy remains fixed during adiabatic compression</span><span>, </span><span>PV remains fixed during adiabatic atmospheric deformation.</span></font></b></p></li></ul><h4 style="margin-left:40px"><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>Why This Matters:</span></font></h4><p style="margin-left:40px"><b><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span>This analogy clarifies why mechanical manipulation of a PVA (like stretching or compressing) does not create new PV but merely redistributes it—much like how compressing a gas does not generate new entropy. Only </span><span>diabatic processes</span><span> (entropy changes) can truly alter the total amount of PV, just as heat exchange can change the entropy of a gas.</span></font></b></p><p style="margin-left:40px"><font size="2" style="font-family:comic sans ms,sans-serif"><span><b>By recognizing this analogy, we can better understand how atmospheric structures are organized and why only processes that alter entropy (like latent heat release or radiative cooling) can change the atmospheric PV content</b>.</span></font></p><p></p>
Oh, if ever Doug was rolling in his grave. The swirlies and nouggies I might have endured if he were still alive.</div><div><br></div><div>NIck</div><br><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature" data-smartmail="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>Nicholas S. Thompson</div><div>Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Ethology</div><div>Clark University</div><div><a href="mailto:nthompson@clarku.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">nthompson@clarku.edu</a></div><a href="https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer">https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson</a></div></div></div>
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