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--></style></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72" style='word-wrap:break-word'><div class=WordSection1><p>George has sympy.logic in its Python sandbox, so it can compare direct inference to actual logic. For real world things, formalizing knowledge and causality would be more involved, but I don’t see any obvious obstacles. Here is one example:<br><br><b>Title:</b> Symbolic Logic for Medical Triage Reasoning<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Overview:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><br>This document demonstrates how propositional logic can be used to encode and evaluate medical triage rules for determining whether a patient is considered "urgent" based on symptoms and risk factors. The example uses the </span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>sympy.logic</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> module to perform logical inference in Python.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Variables:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>ChestPain</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>: Patient reports chest pain.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>ShortBreath</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>: Patient reports shortness of breath.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>HighBP</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>: Patient has high blood pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Sweating</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>: Patient is sweating excessively.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>HistoryHeartDisease</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>: Patient has a history of heart disease.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>AgeOver60</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>: Patient is older than 60.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Urgent</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>: Patient should be marked as urgent for care.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Logic Rules:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><ol start=1 type=1><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>If the patient has <b>chest pain</b> and <b>shortness of breath</b>, then they are <b>urgent</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type=circle><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>ChestPain </span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>∧</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> ShortBreath → Urgent</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>If the patient has <b>chest pain</b> and a <b>history of heart disease</b>, then they are <b>urgent</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type=circle><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>ChestPain </span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>∧</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> HistoryHeartDisease → Urgent</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>If the patient has <b>high blood pressure</b>, <b>sweating</b>, and is <b>over 60</b>, then they are <b>urgent</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type=circle><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>HighBP </span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>∧</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> Sweating </span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>∧</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> AgeOver60 → Urgent</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo2'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>If none of the above conditions apply, the patient is <b>not urgent</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></li><ul type=circle><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l1 level2 lfo2'><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>¬(Rule1 </span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>∨</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> Rule2 </span><span style='font-family:"Cambria Math",serif'>∨</span><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> Rule3) → ¬Urgent</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul></ol><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Python Code:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>from sympy import symbols<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>from sympy.logic.boolalg import And, Or, Not, Implies<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>from sympy.logic.inference import satisfiable<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'># Define symbols for symptoms and outcome<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>ChestPain, ShortBreath, HighBP, Sweating = symbols('ChestPain ShortBreath HighBP Sweating')<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>HistoryHeartDisease, AgeOver60 = symbols('HistoryHeartDisease AgeOver60')<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Urgent = symbols('Urgent')<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'># Encode medical triage rules<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>rules = And(<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> Implies(And(ChestPain, ShortBreath), Urgent), # Rule 1<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> Implies(And(ChestPain, HistoryHeartDisease), Urgent), # Rule 2<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> Implies(And(HighBP, Sweating, AgeOver60), Urgent), # Rule 3<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> Implies(Not(Or(<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> And(ChestPain, ShortBreath),<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> And(ChestPain, HistoryHeartDisease),<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> And(HighBP, Sweating, AgeOver60)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> )), Not(Urgent)) # Rule 4: default case<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'># Define test cases as dictionaries of patient symptoms and demographics<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>test_cases = [<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> {'name': 'Patient A', 'ChestPain': True, 'ShortBreath': True, 'HighBP': False, 'Sweating': False, 'HistoryHeartDisease': False, 'AgeOver60': False},<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> {'name': 'Patient B', 'ChestPain': True, 'ShortBreath': False, 'HighBP': False, 'Sweating': False, 'HistoryHeartDisease': True, 'AgeOver60': False},<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> {'name': 'Patient C', 'ChestPain': False, 'ShortBreath': False, 'HighBP': True, 'Sweating': True, 'HistoryHeartDisease': False, 'AgeOver60': True},<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> {'name': 'Patient D', 'ChestPain': False, 'ShortBreath': False, 'HighBP': True, 'Sweating': True, 'HistoryHeartDisease': False, 'AgeOver60': False},<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> {'name': 'Patient E', 'ChestPain': False, 'ShortBreath': False, 'HighBP': False, 'Sweating': False, 'HistoryHeartDisease': False, 'AgeOver60': False}<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'># Evaluate each test case<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>results = []<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>for case in test_cases:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> assumptions = And(*[<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> symbol if val else Not(symbol)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> for symbol, val in zip(<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> [ChestPain, ShortBreath, HighBP, Sweating, HistoryHeartDisease, AgeOver60],<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> [case['ChestPain'], case['ShortBreath'], case['HighBP'], case['Sweating'], case['HistoryHeartDisease'], case['AgeOver60']]<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> )<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> ])<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> full_expr = And(rules, assumptions)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> model = satisfiable(full_expr)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> case_result = bool(model and model.get(Urgent, False))<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> results.append((case['name'], case_result))<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>for name, urgent in results:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'> print(f"{name}: {'URGENT' if urgent else 'Not Urgent'}")<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Execution Output:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Patient A: URGENT<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Patient B: URGENT<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Patient C: URGENT<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Patient D: Not Urgent<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Courier New"'>Patient E: Not Urgent<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Applications:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Triage decision support systems.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Rule-based expert systems for emergency settings.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l2 level1 lfo3'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Explainable AI pipelines in healthcare.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Extensions:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><ul type=disc><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Incorporate probabilistic or fuzzy logic for uncertainty.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Add contraindications or medication-based logic.<o:p></o:p></span></li><li class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Output justifications or causal chains for each decision.<o:p></o:p></span></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'>Conclusion:</span></b><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><br>This example illustrates how symbolic logic provides a transparent and interpretable method for encoding domain knowledge in medical decision-making. It also serves as a foundation for more advanced neurosymbolic reasoning systems.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt'> <br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0in 0in 0in'><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>From: </span></b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;color:black'>Friam <friam-bounces@redfish.com> on behalf of steve smith <sasmyth@swcp.com><br><b>Date: </b>Thursday, May 29, 2025 at 1:31 PM<br><b>To: </b>friam@redfish.com <friam@redfish.com><br><b>Subject: </b>Re: [FRIAM] The entropy of thought<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt'><br>><br>> As for GPT's introspective (especially retrospective) explanations: <br>> I'm starting to sincerely doubt the sanity of such queries. I haven't <br>> looked into it much.<br><br>After I sent that, I realized that I don't trust George to actually have <br>introspected/retrospected, but rather that it *reconstructed* the prompt <br>and then instrumented it's response?<br><br><br>I may pursue it or not... i'm clearly too easily entertained!<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div></body></html>