<div dir="auto"><div dir="auto">And a follow up on Frank's prompt which was for equilibrium where the integral /change of entropt was zero to out of equilibrium systems like weather.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"></div><div dir="auto">
Entropy (S) in Thermodynamics and Beyond</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Definition of a State Variable (Equilibrium Context):</div><div dir="auto">A state variable depends only on the system’s current equilibrium state, not on the path taken to reach it.</div><div dir="auto">In equilibrium, entropy is one such state variable: its value is uniquely determined by macroscopic variables like T, P, V.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Entropy in Nonequilibrium Systems</div><div dir="auto">Local Entropy:</div><div dir="auto"> Out of equilibrium, we can often define a local entropy density s(r,t) based on local variables (if local equilibrium holds).</div><div dir="auto"> S_total = ∫ s(r,t) dV</div><div dir="auto"> but this depends on internal gradients, flows, and structure — no single global state function S(T,P,V) describes the system.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Entropy Production:</div><div dir="auto"> In nonequilibrium systems, the total entropy changes due to both exchange and internal production:</div><div dir="auto"> dS = δQ/T + dS_gen</div><div dir="auto"> where dS_gen > 0 for irreversible processes (e.g., viscous dissipation, heat conduction).</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Negentropy and Free Energy:</div><div dir="auto"> Systems far from equilibrium possess negentropy — a measure of their potential to do work or sustain structure.</div><div dir="auto"> Free energy reflects this potential:</div><div dir="auto"> F = U - T S</div><div dir="auto"> More negentropy → more free energy → greater capacity for work or structure formation.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Closed Path Integrals:</div><div dir="auto"> In equilibrium: ∮ dS = 0 (S is exact differential)</div><div dir="auto"> Out of equilibrium: ∮ dS = ∮ dS_gen > 0 (irreversibility generates entropy)</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto">Summary:</div><div dir="auto"> In equilibrium, entropy is a state variable with a unique value for each state.</div><div dir="auto"> Out of equilibrium, entropy production, local entropies, and negentropy describe the system’s internal structure and potential to do work.</div><div dir="auto"> The simple equilibrium picture no longer applies.<br><hr>
<p><br></p></div><div data-smartmail="gmail_signature" dir="auto">____________________________________________<br>CEO Founder, Simtable.com<br><a href="mailto:stephen.guerin@simtable.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">stephen.guerin@simtable.com</a> <br><br>Harvard Visualization Research and Teaching Lab<br><a href="mailto:stephenguerin@fas.harvard.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">stephenguerin@fas.harvard.edu</a><br><br>mobile: (505)577-5828</div><br><div class="gmail_quote" dir="auto"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Mon, Jun 16, 2025, 2:02 PM Frank Wimberly <<a href="mailto:wimberly3@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">wimberly3@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="auto"><div>You've probably done this. Nick.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div><div dir="auto"><div dir="auto">Yes, entropy (S) is a state variable in thermodynamics.</div><div dir="auto">Here's what that means:</div><div dir="auto"> * Definition of a State Variable: A state variable (or state function) is a property of a thermodynamic system that depends only on the current state of the system, not on the path or process taken to reach that state. If a system is in a particular equilibrium state, its state variables will have specific, unique values.</div><div dir="auto"> * Why Entropy is a State Variable:</div><div dir="auto"> * Path Independence: The change in entropy between two states is the same regardless of the reversible or irreversible path taken to go from the initial state to the final state.</div><div dir="auto"> * Unique Value for a Given State: For any given equilibrium state of a system (defined by other state variables like temperature, pressure, and volume), there is a unique value of entropy.</div><div dir="auto"> * Mathematical Property: Mathematically, a quantity is a state variable if its differential is an exact differential, meaning that its integral over a closed path is zero. This is true for entropy.</div><div dir="auto"> * Contrast with Path Variables: In contrast, quantities like heat (Q) and work (W) are not state variables. The amount of heat transferred or work done depends entirely on the specific path followed during a process.</div><div dir="auto">In summary, entropy is a fundamental property that characterizes the state of a thermodynamic system and is independent of its history.</div><div dir="auto"><br></div></div><div><br></div><div data-smartmail="gmail_signature">---<br>Frank C. Wimberly<br><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/140+Calle+Ojo+Feliz,++Santa+Fe,+NM+87505?entry=gmail&source=g" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">140 Calle Ojo Feliz, </a><br><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/search/140+Calle+Ojo+Feliz,++Santa+Fe,+NM+87505?entry=gmail&source=g" rel="noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">Santa Fe, NM 87505</a><br><br>505 670-9918<br>Santa Fe, NM</div></div><br><div class="gmail_quote"><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_attr">On Sun, Jun 15, 2025, 9:27 AM Nicholas Thompson <<a href="mailto:thompnickson2@gmail.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">thompnickson2@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br></div><blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex"><div dir="ltr"><div dir="ltr"><div>Same setup as before. Cylinder with two plungers and a peggable slider at dead center.
Lets fill our compartments with bbs of the same volume. Unpeg the divider. Now lets tap on the two opposite plungers with a series of blows of the same average magnitude but different but different positive skew in the distribution of magnitudes. Will the divider move?</div><span class="gmail_signature_prefix">-- </span><br><div dir="ltr" class="gmail_signature"><div dir="ltr"><div>Nicholas S. Thompson</div><div>Emeritus Professor of Psychology and Ethology</div><div>Clark University</div><div><a href="mailto:nthompson@clarku.edu" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">nthompson@clarku.edu</a></div><a href="https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://wordpress.clarku.edu/nthompson</a></div></div></div></div>
.- .-.. .-.. / ..-. --- --- - . .-. ... / .- .-. . / .-- .-. --- -. --. / ... --- -- . / .- .-. . / ..- ... . ..-. ..- .-..<br>
FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv<br>
Fridays 9a-12p Friday St. Johns Cafe / Thursdays 9a-12p Zoom <a href="https://bit.ly/virtualfriam" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/virtualfriam</a><br>
to (un)subscribe <a href="http://redfish.com/mailman/listinfo/friam_redfish.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://redfish.com/mailman/listinfo/friam_redfish.com</a><br>
FRIAM-COMIC <a href="http://friam-comic.blogspot.com/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://friam-comic.blogspot.com/</a><br>
archives: 5/2017 thru present <a href="https://redfish.com/pipermail/friam_redfish.com/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://redfish.com/pipermail/friam_redfish.com/</a><br>
1/2003 thru 6/2021 <a href="http://friam.383.s1.nabble.com/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://friam.383.s1.nabble.com/</a><br>
</blockquote></div>
.- .-.. .-.. / ..-. --- --- - . .-. ... / .- .-. . / .-- .-. --- -. --. / ... --- -- . / .- .-. . / ..- ... . ..-. ..- .-..<br>
FRIAM Applied Complexity Group listserv<br>
Fridays 9a-12p Friday St. Johns Cafe / Thursdays 9a-12p Zoom <a href="https://bit.ly/virtualfriam" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://bit.ly/virtualfriam</a><br>
to (un)subscribe <a href="http://redfish.com/mailman/listinfo/friam_redfish.com" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://redfish.com/mailman/listinfo/friam_redfish.com</a><br>
FRIAM-COMIC <a href="http://friam-comic.blogspot.com/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://friam-comic.blogspot.com/</a><br>
archives: 5/2017 thru present <a href="https://redfish.com/pipermail/friam_redfish.com/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">https://redfish.com/pipermail/friam_redfish.com/</a><br>
1/2003 thru 6/2021 <a href="http://friam.383.s1.nabble.com/" rel="noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer noreferrer" target="_blank">http://friam.383.s1.nabble.com/</a><br>
</blockquote></div>
</div>